علی صدارت : کووید۱۹-اطلاعات جدید در سالگرد دو سالگی سارس-کوو۲ و پاندمی
تاریخ تولید و انتشار: ۱۳ دی ۱۴۰۰ برابر با ۳ ژانویه ۲۰۲۲ دوشنبه
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در همین‌جا، از این فرصت استفاده می‌کنم و باری دیگر از همه هم‌وطنانی که، علی‌رغم کارشکنی‌های رژیم ولایت مطلقه و فساد و بی‌کفایتی‌های حاکمان به وطن، با خلاقیت‌ها و ابتکارات دل‌سوزانه خود، با حداقل امکانات، در تمام ردههای پیشگیری و درمان و مدیریت این پاندمی در ایران فعال هستند، کمال تشکر را ابراز نمایم. این قدردانی و سپاس را به بخصوص به همکارانی که اخبار داخل کشور را در اختیارم می‌گذارند، مدیون هستم. نگرش به این بحران از این زاویه، قطعا اعتماد به نفس فردی، و اعتماد به نفسی ملی ما را افزایش میدهد، و بخوبی نمایش میدهد که ما مردم، مستقلانه، برای تدبیر امور خویش، و حتی برای مدیریت بحران‌ها، کاملا توانا هستیم.
http://alisedarat.com/1400/10/05/8288/
❊ با تشکر فراوان از هموطن عزیزی که با ارسال این شعر پرمصداق، حسن ختام مفیدی را به مخاطبان این گفتگو ارائه فرمودند:
تو مگو همه به جنگند و ز صلح من چه آید–تو یکی نه‌ای هزاری تو چراغ خود برافروز
که یکی چراغ روشن ز هزار مرده بهتر–که به است یک قد خوش ز هزار قامت کوز
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مطلب را به شکل صوتی، در همین‌جا بشنوید:
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برخی پرسش‌هایی که در این گفتگو، پاسخ‌هایی را یافتند از این قرار هستند:
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نقش عدم وجود فرهنگ حقوندی رو در گسترش این پاندمیک چه می دونید؟ باتاکید بر غیرقابل پیش بینی بودن وجود این چنین ویروس ها، فکر می کنید چه نوع پاسخی در کوتاه مدت مناسب است تا دچار این چنین بحران همه جانبه ای نشد؟
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سلام بر شما
با توجه به امکانات ایران به نظر شما اصولا امکان ساخت چنان واکسنی در ایران وجود دارد ؟
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نقش عدم وجود فرهنگ حقوندی رو در گسترش این پاندمیک چه می دونید؟ باتاکید بر غیرقابل پیش بینی بودن وجود این چنین ویروس ها، فکر می کنید چه نوع پاسخی در کوتاه مدت مناسب است تا دچار این چنین بحران همه جانبه ای نشد؟
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با سپاس از توضیحات مبسوط و مفید جنابعالی چه نوع واکسن سومی را پیشنهاد می فرمایید
آریا
فرانسه
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با سلام و سپاس جناب صدارت عزیز
مثل همیشه از سخنان با کیفیت شما استفاده کردم
امید است با اراده ایرانیان و یاری خدای توانا کرونا و ملاکرونا از کشور عزیزمان زدوده شود .
🌹👍
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اینروزها دارد این ذهنیت شکل می‌گیرد که سیستم بهداشتی جهانی تحت تاثیر سودآوری های داروسازی ها و بیمارستان‌ها و سودجوییهای بعضی کادرهای شاغل در این رشته ها در فکر بهره برداریهای اقتصادی از کروناست و بیشترین تاکید را روی مصرف واکسن و داروهایی دارند که به ریشه کنی این بیماری هم منجر نمی‌شود. همزمان بعضی حکومت‌ها هم مخصوصا دیکتاتورها از وجود این بیماری بهره برداری می‌کنند. بهمین جهت روی روشهای طبیعی تر پیشگیریها مانند فاصله گیریها، نوع تغذیه و تقویت طبیعی سیستم ایمنی بدن تاکید کافی ندارند.
مثلا آقای دکتری مدعی شد که کسانیکه میزان ویتامین دی بدنشان روی ۵۰ باشد حتی به واکسن هم نیاز ندارند. ولی کمی بعد در تلویزیون ایران مصاحبه ای از او پخش کردند که توصیه به واکسن کند و حرفی از ویتامین دی هم در میان نیاوردند! فکر می‌کنیددر چنین ذهنیت واقعیت هم وجود دارد؟
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حکومت های مختلف در دنیا روش های متفاوتی رو در واکنش به این پاندمیک داشتند. چه درسی میشه از این تجربه ها گرفت؟ از تجربه چین تا اروپا تا امریکا؟
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امکان دارد که تحت تاثیر واکسن ، مخصوصا پس از دز دوم، فردی با تشدید بیماری زمینه ای فوت کند؟
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تو مگو همه به جنگند و ز صلح من چه آید
تو یکی نه‌ای هزاری تو چراغ خود برافروز
که یکی چراغ روشن ز هزار مرده بهتر
که به است یک قد خوش ز هزار قامت کوز
@aliSedaratMD سپاس از شما
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زنده و پاینده پیروان استقلال و آزادی و حقوق مندی
از شبنم حيات نمی شد نصیب ما
تا قطره گشته راه به دریا بريم ما
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در تایید صبتحهای آقای دکتر، پسر دایی من پس کوچکش جهش جدید کوید گرفت ولی چون پسر داییم، همسرش و بچه های دیگرش سه بار واکسن زده بودند هیچکدام این ویروس جدید را نگرفتند چون حد انتی بادی بالا بود. شاد باشید. حمید رفیع
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ساندکلاد :
فایل صوتی در ساندکلاد استقلال و آزادی، برای پیاده کردن (دانلود)، و پسندیدن (لایک) و یا نپسندیدن و لطفا هم‌رسانی:
https://soundcloud.com/a-banisadr/sedarat-1400-10-13
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❊اطلاع‌یافتن و اطلاع‌دادن، حقی از حقوق بشر است❊
حقوق‌مدارتر شدن و حقوق‌مدارتر کردن، از پیش‌نیازهای برپایی و پویایی یک جامعه مردمسالار است.
یک راه آسان برای مشارکت در ساختن سرنوشتی خوب و خوب‌تر در اینجا برای شما فراهم شده است:
لینک مطلب در شبکه‌بندی‌های اجتماعی، برای: عضو شدن و دنبال کردن و مشترک شدن، رای‌دادن، ابراز نظر، پسندیدن، پیاده کردن، به دوستان خود ایمیل کردن، و…، و لطفا هم‌رسانی:
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https://chat.whatsapp.com/IT11IqMZ44v9L62gPRghhu
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پادکست:
https://anchor.fm/sedarat/episodes/———–e1cfe0f
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سایت:
http://alisedarat.com/1400/10/13/8323/
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فعالیت‌های تبعیض‌آمیز قدرت‌های دولتی و غیردولتی، که در راست‌گراهای افراطی، که هم در گرایش‌های «راست» و هم در گرایش‌های «چپ» دیده می‌شوند، با بحران‌های متعدد خودساخته، تمدن بشری را به سمت زوال و نابودی می‌راند.
مخالفتهایی که در مقابل بعضی روشهای مدیریت دنیاگیر کووید۱۹ مشاهده میکنیم، ریشه در گروهها و رسانه‌های راست افراطی دارند. پرسش مهم اینکه چرا می‌بینیم افرادی که اصلا با این طرز فکر سنخیتی ندارند هم بعضی از این گونه رفتارشناسی‌ها را از خود بروز میدهند؟
بایدن هم کمابیش، همان سیاست‌های ترامپ را دنبال می‌کند. در ولایت مطلقه سلطه‌سالاری، عمل‌کرد بایدن و ترامپ و اوباما و بوش و… در رابطه با سلطه‌بران، تفاوت‌های زیادی ندارند.
انواعی دیگری از این سلطه‌سالاری، در چین و روسیه دیده می‌شود.
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مطالب مرتبط:
سالگرد تولد کووید۱۹
http://alisedarat.com/1400/10/05/8288/
…برای بار دوم، در اواخر سال ۱۹۹۹ در شهر ووهان چین، بیماری کووید۱۹ یا COVID-19
(coronavirus disease 2019) گزارش شد که عامل آن ویروس سارس-کوو-۲ و یا
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑۲)
است…
…ویروس‌ها برای تکثیر و حیات، مجبور هستند خود را در یا‌خته‌های یک موجود زنده وارد کنند. این موجود زنده، می‌تواند انسان یا حیوان، و یا گیاه، و یا حتی موجودات تک‌یاخته باشد. در این روند است که این موجودات مادون‌ریزبین (submicroscopic) که فقط با میکروسکوپ‌های الکترونیک قابل بررسی هستند، می‌توانند دچار جهش (mutation) بشوند، بدین معنی که برخی از مشخصات ژنتیکی خود را عوض کنند. هر چه تعداد بیماران آلوده به این ویروس بیشتر، و هرچه مدت این آلودگی‌ها طولانی‌تر باشد، و با توجه به معضل امروز در دنیا، عملا هر چه طول مدت این پاندمی بیشتر باشد، خطر پیدایش سویه‌های جدید ویروس، با قدرت واگیری، و بیماری‌زایی، و مرگ‌آوری، و… بیشتر می‌شود. مطلب دیگر اینکه سویه‌های جدید نه تنها ممکن است به واکسن‌های موجود مقاوم باشند، بلکه حتی برای افرادی که از ابتلای قبلی به سویه‌های دیگر این ویروس جان سالم بدر برده‌اند، در مقابل سویه‌های متفاوت مصونیتی لازم و کافی را نداشته باشند و دوباره و سه‌باره و.. و چندباره به این بیماری مبتلا گردند. (یکی از همکاران عزیز من که از ابتدای شروع پاندمی مستقیما با بیماران کووید۱۹ در تماس بوده و با تلاشی خستگی‌ناپذیر به نجات جان آن‌ها پرداخته، حداقل سه بار خود به این بیماری مبتلا شده است.)…
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Teen scores another victory against soft-drink makers
https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27300185
A Mississippi teenager launched an online campaign to push beverage giants Coca-Cola and PepsiCo to remove a potentially harmful ingredient from their sports drinks. She pauses between high school classes to talk to the BBC about her success.
Sarah Kavanagh, 17, didn’t like what she saw on the label of a sports drink. So she collected signatures on a petition. Eventually PepsiCo and Coca-Cola changed their products, though neither acknowledged her pressure played a role in the moves.
After playing frisbee with her brother one afternoon in 2012, Sarah went inside their house in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and grabbed an orange Gatorade out of the refrigerator.
Then she saw something strange on the label – brominated vegetable oil.
She looked online and found that the substance was used to stop flavourings in drinks from separating – and to make sure the drinks have a nice, fruity flavour.
Then she read more. As she learned, chemical companies patented the additive as a flame retardant. People who binge on the drinks could have problems with nerve disorders, according to an article by Environmental Health News and republished in Scientific American.
“I was like, ‘Uh-oh,'” she says.
As a vegan – in Mississippi, no less – she was upset by her discovery. But she was not the only one concerned. The European Union and Japan have banned the substance in food and drinks.
She started a petition on Change.org, alerting people about the substance in the drink. She wanted executives at PepsiCo, which makes Gatorade, to change their ingredients.
Like many people in Hattiesburg (population 48,000), she had a personal connection to the company. Her mother, Carol Kavanagh-Powe, had worked as an office coordinator in a PepsiCo distribution centre.
“Luckily,” says Sarah, “she stopped working there right before.”
Eventually, the Change.org petition gathered more than 200,000 signatures. Still, she was taking on a big opponent.
A December 2012 New York Times article described her campaign in admirable terms, but said it was “quixotic”.
A month later a PepsiCo spokesperson said the company would replace brominated vegetable oil with sucrose acetate isobutyrate, which is used in countries around the world.
“It looks like we proved them wrong,” she says, referring to the New York Times.
A spokesperson for PepsiCo told the Chicago Tribune the company had already planned the change. In other words, Sarah’s campaign did not inspire them.
“I feel like it’s a bit suspicious. They should have brought that up earlier,” Sarah says. “But what can you do?”
Soon she appeared on NBC’s Today show, and the mayor of Hattiesburg, Johnny DuPree, gave her a key to the city in a ceremony.
“I don’t think she set out to be famous,” he says. “I think her goal was to make life better for people. That impressed me.”
Like other campaigners, she pursues her work with passion. In her case, though, it is only part-time. On Tuesday she spoke with the BBC on the phone at Hattiesburg High School, where she is now a junior.
In the background there is loud clang.
“Oh, sorry,” she says. “That’s the late bell.”
She is on a debate team and recently went to the state championship in Jackson. Her topic: development programmes in India, and whether development should emphasise economic or environmental concerns.
“We definitely went the more environmental route,” she says.
Her mother now works at a furniture store, and her father, Brendan Kavanagh, used to own a store, Brendan’s Comics, in town. Her brother, Peyton, is nine, and her sister, Courtney, is 23. (She is married and has two children of her own.)
After PepsiCo removed the substance from some of their drinks, Sarah started another petition. She wanted to convince executives at Coca-Cola, which makes Fresca and other products, to drop the substance.
On Monday, a Coca-Cola spokesman said the company would stop using brominated vegetable oil and replace it with sucrose acetate isobutyrate or glycerol ester of rosin, which is found in chewing gum.
Josh Gold said brominated vegetable oil, or BVO as it is known, is safe.
“All of our beverages, including those with BVO, are safe and always have been – and comply with all regulations in the countries where they are sold,” he says.
They are switching out the ingredients not because of Sarah’s campaign, he says, but because they want the ingredients to be consistent “throughout the world”.
“That’s why we’re making the change,” he says. “That’s it.”
Another success, she says.
She will graduate from high school next year and hopes to study international relations at University of Mississippi. Afterwards, she says, she would like to live in London or Paris.
In the meantime she may run another campaign.
“Who knows,” she says. “If I find out about another ingredient that isn’t healthy, then, yeah, another petition is definitely possible.”
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Recently, 17-year-old Sarah Kavanagh took on Coke and Pepsi over food safety issues—and she won. Here’s the inside story of how one kid made a huge difference:
Hi! I’m Sarah Kavanagh. One day, I was at my computer drinking an orange Gatorade when I decided to look up the ingredients.
I found out this controversial chemical called BVO was on the list. BVO isn’t allowed in beverages in Europe or Japan, so why was I drinking it?
I started a petition on Change.org asking Gatorade to drop BVO. I got 200,000 signatures, I got to be on The Today Show, and Gatorade agreed! Pretty cool, huh?
I decided, why stop now? So I started a new petition targeting Powerade. My new petition inspired more people to get involved! I worked with an awesome woman named Aveyca Dortch, and we got nearly 60,000 signatures.
Guess what? The Associated Press found out that not only did Powerade drop BVO, but now Coke AND Pepsi announced that they’ll drop BVO from ALL of their beverages, not just in America, but all over the world.
I think it’s awesome that one kid like me could take on the two biggest beverage companies in the world and win. It’s so cool to know I did something to help people all over the world be healthier and safer. All because I started a petition.
Thanks for reading!
Sarah Kavanagh
Hattiesburg, Mississippi
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Drink Ingredient Gets a Look
Sarah Kavanagh and her little brother were looking forward to the bottles of Gatorade they had put in the refrigerator after playing outdoors one hot, humid afternoon last month in Hattiesburg, Miss.
But before she took a sip, Sarah, a dedicated vegetarian, did what she often does and checked the label to make sure no animal products were in the drink. One ingredient, brominated vegetable oil, caught her eye.
“I knew it probably wasn’t from an animal because it had vegetable in the name, but I still wanted to know what it was, so I Googled it,” Ms. Kavanagh said. “A page popped up with a long list of possible side effects, including neurological disorders and altered thyroid hormones. I didn’t expect that.”
She threw the product away and started a petition on Change.org, an online petition platform, that has almost 200,000 signatures. Ms. Kavanagh, 15, hopes her campaign will persuade PepsiCo, Gatorade’s maker, to consider changing the drink’s formulation.
Jeff Dahncke, a spokesman for PepsiCo, noted that brominated vegetable oil had been deemed safe for consumption by federal regulators. “As standard practice, we constantly evaluate our formulas and ingredients to ensure they comply with federal regulations and meet the high quality standards our consumers and athletes expect — from functionality to great taste,” he said in an e-mail.
In fact, about 10 percent of drinks sold in the United States contain brominated vegetable oil, including Mountain Dew, also made by PepsiCo; Powerade, Fanta Orange and Fresca from Coca-Cola; and Squirt and Sunkist Peach Soda, made by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group.
The ingredient is added often to citrus drinks to help keep the fruit flavoring evenly distributed; without it, the flavoring would separate.
Use of the substance in the United States has been debated for more than three decades, so Ms. Kavanagh’s campaign most likely is quixotic. But the European Union has long banned the substance from foods, requiring use of other ingredients. Japan recently moved to do the same.
“B.V.O. is banned other places in the world, so these companies already have a replacement for it,” Ms. Kavanagh said. “I don’t see why they don’t just make the switch.” To that, companies say the switch would be too costly.
The renewed debate, which has brought attention to the arcane world of additive regulation, comes as consumers show increasing interest in food ingredients and have new tools to learn about them. Walmart’s app, for instance, allows access to lists of ingredients in foods in its stores.
Brominated vegetable oil contains bromine, the element found in brominated flame retardants, used in things like upholstered furniture and children’s products. Research has found brominate flame retardants building up in the body and breast milk, and animal and some human studies have linked them to neurological impairment, reduced fertility, changes in thyroid hormones and puberty at an earlier age.
Limited studies of the effects of brominated vegetable oil in animals and in humans found buildups of bromine in fatty tissues. Rats that ingested large quantities of the substance in their diets developed heart lesions.
Its use in foods dates to the 1930s, well before Congress amended the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act to add regulation of new food additives to the responsibilities of the Food and Drug Administration. But Congress exempted two groups of additives, those already sanctioned by the F.D.A. or the Department of Agriculture, or those experts deemed “generally recognized as safe.”
The second exemption created what Tom Neltner, director of the Pew Charitable Trusts’ food additives project, a three-year investigation into how food additives are regulated, calls “the loophole that swallowed the law.” A company can create a new additive, publish safety data about it on its Web site and pay a law firm or consulting firm to vet it to establish it as “generally recognized as safe” — without ever notifying the F.D.A., Mr. Neltner said.
About 10,000 chemicals are allowed to be added to foods, about 3,000 of which have never been reviewed for safety by the F.D.A., according to Pew’s research. Of those, about 1,000 never come before the F.D.A. unless someone has a problem with them; they are declared safe by a company and its handpicked advisers.
“I worked on the industrial and consumer products side of things in the past, and if you take a new chemical and put it into, say, a tennis racket, you have to notify the E.P.A. before you put it in,” Mr. Neltner said, referring to the Environmental Protection Agency. “But if you put it into food and can document it as recognized as safe by someone expert, you don’t have to tell the F.D.A.”
Michael R. Taylor, deputy commissioner for food and veterinary medicine at the agency, said: “From our standpoint, we do need to look at whether this regime established by Congress almost 60 years ago gives us the information we need. It would be desirable for F.D.A. to have more information on products being added to food.”
The F.D.A. is aware of the controversy surrounding brominated vegetable oil. It took the ingredient off its list of substances “generally recognized as safe” in 1970, after the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association revoked its approval of it. The group’s expert panel is the primary body for evaluating the safety of flavoring substances added to food; if it rules something is “generally recognized as safe,” the F.D.A. goes along.
John Halligan, senior adviser and general counsel to the organization, said that during the late 1960s and early 1970s, the expert panel was reviewing many older additives that had been grandfathered into “generally recognized as safe” status when the federal law was changed.
“They came to B.V.O. and there had been some new studies done which weren’t definitive,” he said. “The panel looked at data and said it doesn’t look like we have an adequate database here to conclude this substance is generally recognized as safe, so they revoked its status.”
Subsequently, Patricia El-Hinnawy, a spokeswoman for the F.D.A, wrote in an e-mail, the agency asked the association to do studies on brominated vegetable oil in mice, rats, dogs and pigs. She said that the organization made “several submissions of safety data” to the F.D.A. while those studies were going on, roughly from 1971 to 1974.
“F.D.A. determined that the totality of evidence supported the safe use of B.V.O. in fruit-flavored beverages up to 15 parts per million,” Ms. El-Hinnawy wrote.
That ruling, made in 1977, was supposed to be interim, pending more studies, but 35 years later it is unchanged. “Any change in the interim status of B.V.O. would require an expenditure of F.D.A.’s limited resources, which is not a public health protection priority for the agency at this time,” Ms. El-Hinnawy wrote.
Meanwhile, no further testing has been done. While most people have limited exposure to brominated vegetable oil, an extensive article about it by Environmental Health News that ran in Scientific American last year found that video gamers and others who binge on sodas and other drinks containing the ingredient experience skin lesions, nerve disorders and memory loss.
Michael F. Jacobson, co-founder and executive director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, said some studies show that B.V.O. collects in fatty tissues, raising questions about what its effect might be during weight loss. Dr. Jacobson, who looked into the research on brominated vegetable oil after being asked about it by The New York Times, concluded, “The testing of B.V.O. is abysmal.”
He said the longest studies of the ingredient he could find covered only four months, while most food additives are usually tested for two years, making it impossible to establish a safe level of consumption.
Correction: Dec. 14, 2012
An article on Thursday about new concerns over brominated vegetable oil, a common ingredient in many citrus drinks, described incorrectly Change.org, the Web site where a Mississippi teenager started a petition to persuade PepsiCo to remove the substance from Gatorade. It is a B Corporation, a sort of hybrid nonprofit/for-profit entity; it is not a nonprofit Web site. (The company’s online petition platform is supported by advertising.)
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Local girl who took on Gatorade receives award
The Hattiesburg High School student whose 2012 change.org petition led to PepsiCo removing brominated vegetable oil from Gatorade has received a national award from Emory University in Atlanta.
Senior Sarah Kavanagh, 18, was given the Social Justice Award by the university’s Barkley Forum for High Schools, which held a national forensics tournament last week. Kavanagh has been a member of Hattiesburg High’s forensics team for four years.
In addition to a framed award, Kavanagh received $400 to be given to the charity of her choice and $100 for her forensics team.
Kavanagh said she would be giving her winnings to change.org.
“They have helped me spread my word, and I want to give back to them so they can help others do the same thing I did,” she said.
In November 2012, Kavanagh started a petition on change.org, a website that serves as a digital host for petition drives, asking Pepsi to remove BVO from orange Gatorade. The food additive had been removed from the Food and Drug Administration’s list of generally recognized safe food additives in the 1970s. Since then, companies had only been allowed to use it in small concentrations.
According to the Google search conducted by Kavanagh, BVO is a patented flame retardant linked to various health problems and early onset puberty. It is used by some soft drink companies to help keep citrus-flavor oils suspended in beverages and prevent them from floating to the top of the fluid.
In January 2013, after more than 200,000 people signed Kavanagh’s petition, Pepsi announced it would remove BVO from Gatorade.
Kavanagh said it was her debate background that helped her write her change.org petition.
“Debate has really helped me to describe things not only in a way that other people can understand, but in a way they can relate to,” she said. “I’ve taken my communication skills that I’ve mastered through debate to allow for change.”
Scott Waldrop, Kavanagh’s debate coach and nominator for the Social Justice Award, said she is a shining example of what forensics training can achieve.
“She is what the program equals, which is success in other areas,” he said. “She’s a thinker. She’s analytical. By investigating ingredients in a drink she enjoyed, she asked some questions and made a difference.”
The European Union and Japan have banned BVO from use as a food additive. Coca-Cola has now said it will remove BVO from all its products. The more popular drinks in which the company used BVO include Fresca and Powerade.
Coke and Pepsi both have couched their decisions to discontinue BVO as intended to streamline production, not as a safety precaution.
Kavanagh said she’s learned a lot since she first created that online petition, and she wants to pass on that knowledge.
“If you believe in something, go for it,” she said. “When you’re telling someone about your cause, speak passionately about it and help them understand why it’s important to them.”
Kavanagh credits the civil rights movement and the women’s rights movement for making it easier to create change.
“I definitely think the Internet has made it easier, but I think the people who stood up before us and made a change have made it easier,” she said.
Waldrop said Kavanagh is a food justice crusader.
“We’re about positive civil discourse, and it’s just real interesting — you talk about social justice, well, there’s the idea of food justice — what we eat and what we’re exposed to.
“What she’s doing — this form of social activism — is the new frontier. I think what she’s done really ties into this new national movement.”
Kavanagh appreciates the nice words, but she didn’t start out to be part of a national movement.
“People don’t realize how simple it is to create change,” she said. “The only thing you have to do is take the first step — create your platform and run with it.”
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بیشتر از رسانه‌های ملیِ همگانی به‌مثابه شاخه چهارم دولت ❊سایت شخصی علی صدارت❊ کشف کنید
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